Amagare yo gusiganwa ku magare nubwoko

Kuva aho amagare ya mbere atangiye gukorwa no kugurishwa mugice cya kabiri cyikinyejana cya 19 Ubufaransa bahita bahuza cyane no gusiganwa.Muri iyi myaka yambere, ubusanzwe amarushanwa yakorwaga intera ngufi kubera ko abakoresha nabi-bahumuriza kandi bakubaka ibikoresho ntibyemerera abashoferi gutwara vuba igihe kirekire.Ariko, hamwe n’igitutu cy’inganda nyinshi z’amagare zatangiye kugaragara i Paris, isosiyete yambere yakoze igare ryambere rya kijyambere, Isosiyete ya Michaux, yahisemo guteza imbere ibirori bikomeye byo gusiganwa byateje inyungu nyinshi abanya Parisi.Iri siganwa ryabaye ku ya 31 Gicurasi 1868 kuri Parc de Saint-Cloud, uwatsinze akaba umwongereza James Moore.Ako kanya nyuma yibyo, gusiganwa ku magare byabaye akamenyero mu Bufaransa no mu Butaliyani, aho ibintu byinshi byagiye bigerageza guca imipaka y’amagare y’ibiti n’ibyuma kugeza icyo gihe yari atagira amapine ya rubber.Abakora amagare benshi bashyigikiye byimazeyo gusiganwa ku magare, bakora moderi nziza kandi nziza yari igamije gukoreshwa mu gusiganwa gusa, kandi abanywanyi batangiye kubona ibihembo byubahwa cyane muri ibyo birori.

Mu gihe siporo yo ku magare yarushijeho kumenyekana, isiganwa ubwaryo ryatangiye kubera mu mihanda nyabagendwa gusa ahubwo no ku masiganwa yabanjirijwe mbere na velodromes.Kugeza mu 1880 na 1890, gusiganwa ku magare byemewe cyane nka siporo nshya nziza.Abakunzi b'amagare yabigize umwuga barushijeho kwiyongera hamwe no kumenyekanisha amoko maremare, cyane cyane irushanwa ry’abataliyani Milan-Turing mu 1876, Umubiligi Liege-Bastogne-Liege mu 1892, n’Ubufaransa Paris-Roubaix mu 1896. Amerika nayo yakiriye umugabane w’amoko. , cyane cyane muri 1890 mugihe amarushanwa yiminsi itandatu yamamaye (ubanza guhatira umushoferi umwe gutwara nta guhagarara, ariko nyuma yemerera amakipe yabantu babiri).Irushanwa ryo gusiganwa ku magare ryamamaye cyane ku buryo ryashyizwe mu mikino ya mbere ya Olempike igezweho mu 1896.

Hamwe nibikoresho byiza byamagare, ibishushanyo bishya ndetse no kumenyekana cyane hamwe nabaterankunga, Abafaransa bahisemo gutegura ibirori byari bifuza cyane - isiganwa ryamagare rizenguruka Ubufaransa bwose.Yatandukanijwe mu byiciro bitandatu kandi ikora ibirometero 1500, Tour de France yambere yabaye mu 1903. Guhera i Paris, isiganwa ryimukiye i Lyon, Marseille, Bordeaux na Nantes mbere yo gusubira i Paris.Hamwe nigihembo kinini hamwe nubushake bukomeye bwo gukomeza umuvuduko mwiza wa 20 km / h, abinjira hafi 80 biyandikishije muri iri siganwa ritoroshye, aho Maurice Garin yegukanye umwanya wa mbere nyuma yo gutwara 94h 33m 14s kandi atwara igihembo kingana nu mushahara wumwaka. abakozi batandatu bo mu ruganda.Icyamamare muri Tour de France cyiyongereye kugera ku ntera, ku buryo abashoferi 1904 basiganwa ahanini bashyikirijwe abantu bashaka kubeshya.Nyuma y’impaka nyinshi n’amafaranga adasanzwe yo kutemerwa, intsinzi yemewe yahawe umushoferi w’umufaransa w’imyaka 20 Henri Cornet.

Nyuma y’Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose, ishyaka ryo gusiganwa ku magare ryabigize umwuga ryatinze gukurura abantu, ahanini kubera urupfu rw’abashoferi benshi bakomeye bo mu Burayi ndetse n’ubukungu bukomeye.Icyo gihe, gusiganwa ku magare byabigize umwuga byamenyekanye cyane muri Amerika (udakunda gusiganwa intera ndende nko mu Burayi).Ikindi kintu kinini cyagaragaye cyane mu gusiganwa ku magare cyavuye mu nganda z’imodoka, zamamaye mu buryo bwihuse bwo gutwara abantu.Nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, umukino wo gusiganwa ku magare wabigize umwuga wabashije kumenyekana cyane mu Burayi, ukurura ibizenga binini kandi uhatira umunyonzi w'amagare uturutse impande zose z'isi kwitabira amarushanwa menshi yo mu Burayi kubera ko ibihugu byabo bidashobora guhura n'urwego rw'imitunganyirize, amarushanwa. n'amafaranga y'igihembo.Mu myaka ya za 1960, abashoferi b'Abanyamerika binjiye cyane mu mukino wo gusiganwa ku magare mu Burayi, nyamara mu myaka ya za 1980 abashoferi b'Abanyaburayi batangiye amarushanwa cyane muri Amerika.

Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 20, amarushanwa yo gusiganwa ku magare yabigize umwuga yagaragaye, kandi ibikoresho bigezweho byatumye amagare yo mu kinyejana cya 21 arushanwa cyane kandi ashimishije kureba.Haraheze imyaka irenga 100, Tour de France na Giro d'Italia amasiganwa abiri yamagare maremare azwi kwisi.